Showing posts with label books. Show all posts
Showing posts with label books. Show all posts

Saturday, April 15, 2023

Days of Yore: Office Equipment

As with so many other things, offices have changed a lot over the years. Ancient artists and writers used chisels and other instruments on rock. Cavemen chronicled their hunts and other events on cave walls. Eventually, people started using other materials such as papyrus, parchment, and eventually paper. Scribes copied down text by hand.

Image by Pavel Timofeev on Adobe Stock

Quill

Long before I was born, people used quills (made of large feathers) to write on paper. They had to keep their inkwell handy, as the quill didn't have ink in it, and they regularly had to dip the end of the feather in ink. Some quills had a metal tip. The man in the picture below is writing with one. (These days, they are hardly ever used, though if Harry Potter is to believed, wizards still use them.)

Fountain Pen

Eventually, fountain pens become more common, adding the new feature of ink inside the pen so it didn't have to be dipped regularly. It did have to be refilled from time to time, though. They were not typically made of feathers.

Image by Nomad_Soul on Adobe Stock

Typewriter

My grandpa and I had a running argument (in good fun) about whether the typewriter or computer was better. He insisted that his typewriter had always worked, and he didn't see why he should use a computer. He did comment once that he saw a typewriter in a museum that looked exactly like the one he still used. When I stayed at his house while I was in school, I enjoyed doing my homework on the typewriter because it was a novelty. But for me, being used to computers, it wasn't as efficient. (My grandpa eventually told me he wished he had been more willing to learn the computer, as he did realize near the end of his life that they are very useful.)

Typewriters had a roller on the back where you threaded the paper. There was a ribbon on a spool that you had to replace from time to time. They had the same keyboard (generally) as the average computer keyboard, but you had to push the keys a lot farther down, and it took more muscle. Each key had a corresponding striker that jumped up and hit the ribbon, placing ink on the paper in the shape of the letter you just typed. If you hit the key too hard, the striker could punch a hole in the ribbon, and sometimes the paper! Also, if you pushed too many keys at once, all the corresponding strikers would jump up and sometimes get stuck. If you made a mistake, you had a couple options: you could go back and type "####" over each letter that you accidentally typed, or you could move the paper up and put white-out over it to cover up the mistake, or you could go in after the fact and cross it out with a pen. Those options could end up looking messy, and the other option, which was neater but much more tedious, was to pull the paper out and completely retype everything on that page, hoping you wouldn't make another mistake. White-out came in a couple forms: a white fluid with a brush built into the lid of the bottle to brush the paint-like fluid over the text, or a roll that resembled white, opaque Scotch tape, but narrower, that you could draw over the text you wanted to hide. You had to give the fluid time to dry, but once you were done, you could go back and type over it. When you reached the end of a line, there was a lever that moved the roller and paper down a line and back to the other side of the paper.

For the most part, typewritten reading material looked like this.

Computer

Computers, so named because they compute, seemed much more practical to me than typewriters. I went over changes in computers here, so I won't go into great detail on how they have changed. However, I will say before I was born, they filled up a room and were very expensive. As they progressed they got much smaller, but still a good deal larger than they are now. These days, we can take laptops, tablets and cell phones with us most places we go. A small thumb drive can hold many times the data the massive computers of yesteryear could hold.

No more did we need to #### out mistakes, or white them out, or crumple up the sheet of paper, throw it in the trash, and retype everything. Now if we made a mistake, we could just hit Backspace or Delete. Computers offered so many more options. You can't play Mario Bros or Carmen Sandiego on a typewriter, now can you?

Calculator

I find it interesting that computers and calculators are not the same thing, but both words have similar meanings. Their root words, compute and calculate, are fairly synonymous. They have certain functions in common, as computers can also do math problems. Back in the day, though, an old-fashioned calculator was a lot more portable, and even if you had a computer handy, more practical for doing math.

Mimeograph, 1918
Life magazine
Public Domain

Mimeograph

I remember we had a mimeograph machine at our school when I was in elementary and middle school. I know that many have had varying feelings on machines replacing workers, but I can assure you that mimeographs do not do the function of a mime, and I doubt it could replace Marcel Marceau (though I imagine he may have used one from time to time). That's a mime-o-graph, and as far as I'm aware, it does not exist. It had a similar function to a photocopier, but involved a roller, and the copy was not the greatest quality. You could theoretically mimeograph pictures, but it came out very poor quality. At least in my experience, you could tell a mimeographed sheet because the ink was blue. At school, they generally used them to copy text, and sometimes we would get mimeographed quizzes. As I haven't used one or even seen one since the '80s (possibly early '90s), I forget how they worked, but I was able to use it at the time. 

Carbon Paper

Another way of making copies was using carbon paper. It was maybe half the thickness of a normal sheet of paper, and generally black or charcoal-colored, and glossy. You would put a sheet of paper on the table, put a sheet of carbon paper over it, then put another sheet on top. You could then write on the top sheet, and the pressure of your writing instrument would also place what you were writing on the bottom sheet thanks to the carbon paper in between. You could also thread a couple sheets into a typewriter with carbon paper in between to type two copies at once. If you were writing with a pen, you had to make sure to press hard to ensure that what you were writing would transfer onto the lower sheet. This was often used on contracts so you only needed to sign one sheet (and not again on other copies), and then you would keep a copy and the person you were doing the contract with would keep the other. It is still sometimes used with checks. These days, the word is generally used when you "cc" (carbon copy) someone in an e-mail. You can also "bcc" (blind carbon copy) people if you don't want your recipients to know who all is getting the e-mail.

Photocopier

In my lifetime, photocopiers have changed, but not as much as other machines. They generally produce higher quality copies now than they used to (especially with pictures), and some can now copy in color. They have also become more digital over the years. In my experience, they have always produced better copies than mimeographs.

Image by Nomad_Soul on Adobe Stock

Bookshelf

I covered books here, so probably don't need to repeat myself too much, but with ongoing automation and the internet, books aren't as common in offices as they used to be. The same goes for bookshelves. Someday I dream of having an office with a bookshelf that opens on a secret passage. I've never been in an office like that (as far as I know), but I love reading about them and seeing them in movies!

Filing Cabinet and Rolodex

I covered filing cabinets and Rolodexes here, but you don't see them in offices nearly as much these days as in the past, with computers, electronic files, and more people trying to conserve paper in an effort to help the environment. The Rolodex has largely been replaced by Microsoft Outlook on the computer, as well as cell phones.

Telephone

I covered telephones here. They were in just about every office in the past. Most offices still have them, but these days they are often built into the computer as software, rather than a physical device. It made the transition to working from home when COVID hit a lot simpler. It's also nice to be able to use headphones with a mouthpiece attached, rather than having to balance the receiver between my head and shoulder if I want to type with both hands!

Fax

I remember when we got our first fax machine (short for facsimile) in the Philippines. My mom was the secretary for our mission agency. Our office was in a Manila highrise, and while my brother and I watched the new machine in our office, the adults went to an adjoining office for another mission agency on the same floor. Pretty soon the fax machine came to life and a paper came out of it with a handwritten note saying something to the effect of "Hooray! It works!"

It was nice when we could fax things from our office for free. Most places charged per page, and that could add up. I'm kind of glad we don't use fax much any more, but it was pretty nifty. Early in my career, I had to fax timesheets at the end of each week. It was a challenge on the occasion where the person who approved the timesheet signed in red ink, which doesn't transmit well by fax.

Elevator

Storey time! (Get it? I'll see myself out.) While the elevator isn't exactly equipment, they have changed over the years. During my lifetime, they haven't changed much, but I once had a temp job in Seattle's Smith Tower, which still had the old-fashioned elevator with an attendant. (I hope they still do. It's an experience that I recommend.) Rather than pressing a button by the door, you would tell the attendant which floor, and they would turn a large crank to take you there. When I was younger, all elevators I used had buttons beside the door (inside the elevator) that you could press for the floor where you wanted to go. Outside the elevator, they have a button that you press to tell it whether you want to go up or down. (Side note: A fun conversation that sometimes happens in the Philippines: "Bababa ba?" "Bababa." ["Is it going down?" "It's going down."]) Most elevators are still like that. However, some of the newer ones have a bank of elevators, and the buttons are outside the elevator on the wall. You punch in the floor, and it tells you which elevator to go to when it arrives. It then whisks you where you need to go. As always, the elevator is a very uplifting experience, unless you're going down, which can be a bit of a downer!

Elevator Attendant, 1917
Martha Washington Hotel
Public Domain

These days, most of the above things can be done on a cell phone and/or computer. My phone has a scanning feature and a camera that often works really well for sending documents and other things that I would have photocopied, mimeographed or faxed in the past. With my Kindle and Audible apps on my phone and tablet, I can read and listen to books. I can file documents on the computer (and on my cell phone, though the computer is generally more efficient for that). While I still use pens (though not generally quills or fountain pens), I don't use them as much as I used to, though my phone has a stylus that works similar to a pen when I write on my screen. Not all phones have that. However, I have yet to see an elevator that operates by means of a cell phone. I imagine someday there will be an app for that.

Sunday, March 19, 2023

Days of Yore: Research and Organization

As you may remember, I covered research to some extent in my post about books. In that post, I mentioned that we spent a lot of time in the library looking up information in books. We used encyclopedias, dictionaries, newspapers, magazines, microfiche, and more. In my post on telephones, I mentioned the wonders of phone books. But there were other ways that we kept track of phone numbers and contact information. I covered aspects of today's subject in previous posts, but here I expand on more.

Photo bpuhhha on Adobe Stock

Going to a library could be a tad daunting at times. Once you got to know how it was laid out, finding the book you needed was easier, but could still be challenging at times without help. We had a couple options. We could ask the librarian, who was usually quite helpful, or we could check the card catalog. It was a cabinet with small drawers just big enough to fit cards that listed all the books in the library. Most libraries I went to used the Dewey Decimal System, which arranges books by subject. For example, computer science, information and general works are classified as 000; philosophy and psychology are 100, religion is 200, and so on. The numbers in between are more specific. Each book in the library has a sticker on the spine with its Dewey Decimal classification, which gets more and more specific, down to identifying the individual book. The card catalog is arranged in a simpler manner so books are easier to find. They have a section that lists the books by title. Another section lists them by author. Each card represents one book, and it tells its Dewey Decimal classification so you know where in the library it is. (We usually wrote down the information from the card so we could remember it when searching for the book on the shelf.) The aisles of books are typically labeled with the classifications in that aisle. Though libraries still use this system, Google and Amazon have simplified this considerably. I haven't been to a brick-and-mortar library in years, though I have been to bookstores more recently. Bookstores typically don't use the Dewey Decimal system. They still arrange books by subject, and then usually alphabetize them on the shelves by author.

Card Catalog
Photo by Andrey Kuzmin on Adobe Stock

When checking out a book, we would open the front cover and find a paper pouch with a card in it. That card had a list of names of people who had checked it out in the past. At the front desk, the librarian would stamp the card with the date and file the card until we returned the book. Most libraries had a limit on how many books you could check out at a time, and also how long you could keep them before you had to return them. They often fined you if you kept the books too long.

One way of keeping track of appointments and such was a calendar. Not the kind you hang on your wall, but one you could carry with you and mark up. My dad jokingly called it his brain. They were of varying sizes, typically from small enough to carry in your pocket to regular paper size. Now Outlook and other programs have calendars (with a similar setup) where you can do it electronically. I have a calendar on my phone that reminds me about appointments and other events coming up.

Filing cabinets were a way of keeping papers neat and organized. Drawers were organized similarly to a card catalog, but you could arrange it in whatever way worked best for you, and label the drawer. They often had hanging file folders that hung from tracks on the sides of the drawers, and then you could put manila folders in those to organize papers further. (Honestly, with ADHD, filing was one of the most boring jobs I have done. I don't bore easily, but when I am bored, it may be when filing things in the old-fashioned filing cabinets. Even so, it's a great way of keeping papers organized!)

Then there was the rolodex. Where phone books came with the phone numbers printed in them, you could customize rolodex with just the contacts you needed, and when placed next to your phone, it was a convenient way to find contact information. They came with special cards that fit on the wheel, and you could put them in their alphabetical place for easy reference. (They could also be used for other things, but keeping track of contact information was one of the most common uses.)

Rolodex
Photo by Albert Lozano-Nieto on Adobe Stock

I'm sure it will come as no surprise that I do all these things on my phone now, and rarely use the above options. I have a filing cabinet, but I don't use it much. I have physical books, but most of my reading is done on my phone, Kindle and computer. It's also much nicer to carry your entire library on a small device, as opposed to lugging heavy books around. That could get cumbersome, and it was sometimes a little awkward to pull out a big book on the bus. On the other hand, books don't have a battery that wears down and dies if you don't recharge or have access to an outlet, so there's that. These days, I may not lug around books, but I might bring some wireless chargers if I anticipate not having access to an outlet for a while. My trusty chargers came in handy when visiting New York last September, though didn't help the day I forgot to bring it and my battery ended up dying just as I got to Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. I did have my cord with me, so I found an outlet in the lobby during intermission and got permission to use it. That helped a bit, so I was still able to check the subway route after the show, and write down what I needed in case it died again.

Back to books...I have gotten rid of a lot of my books, as they just take up space. Some of them are in storage. I still have some in my room, but most of them are either in storage or gone. I do still use wall calendars.

Wednesday, March 1, 2023

Days of Yore: Books

To quote the grandfather in The Princess Bride, "When I was your age, television was called books."

When I was little, I loved reading books. I read every chance I got. In particular, I loved adventure books (still do) and mysteries. I read The Chronicles of Narnia multiple times. I read most of The Three Investigators books (3 series of them...one set when the main characters are in their preteens and early teens, the second series in a "Choose Your Own Adventure" format in between, and then a third series when they're in their later teens). The Chronicles of Prydain come to mind. As an adult, the Harry Potter, Percy JacksonHeroes of Olympus and Kane Chronicles books joined the honored list, along with the Ranger's Apprentice books and sequel series. There were many other books that I loved to read, but those book franchises are what come to mind offhand. In fact, I loved reading so much as a kid that often when I got in trouble, my parents would ground me from reading for a few hours.


William Shakespeare's Star Wars Saga
by the great bard Ian Doescher
with bookends inspired by
the great bard JRR Tolkien

On long road trips growing up, my mom would read us books. At one point, someone sent us the audiobook of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe on cassette, and that was a new experience for me. I was expecting a somewhat dramatized reading of it with a full cast, and was surprised to hear one person reading the whole book, though he did a fantastic job.

They also had a genre called Choose Your Own Adventure that was popular for a while. Every time a character had to make a decision or there was some other "crossroads" in the story, it said something along the lines of "If you want this to happen, go to page 75. If you want that to happen, go to page 95." It made for interesting variations in the story. If I didn't like the way a story turned out, I generally went back until I found a path that turned out better. Come to think of it, it was a bit like a literary maze. Hmm, I never thought of it that way. (Insert lightbulb emoji here...I tried it and the emoji looked more like a tennis racket, so I'll leave that to your imagination.) 😀



At church when we sang hymns, we pulled out the hymnals in the back of the pews and turned to the song in question. It had basic sheet music for the hymns (there's one in the middle of the picture above, with a gray cover). In the 90s, we used a mixture of hymnals and songs with the lyrics on the overhead projector. Now we use PowerPoint. The hymnals are still in the back of the pews, but only rarely used.

In past years, it was common for families to have family Bibles, which were large and heavy, and had places to record birthdays, anniversaries, weddings, and more. We also had smaller Bibles we could carry with us. We often marked them up. They sometimes said that a mark of a healthy Christian is a worn-out Bible. Now I have a Bible app on my phone, which offers hundreds of versions and languages, as well as commentary, a Bible verse meme maker, and more. Easier to carry, and it offers more options, but you can't mark it up in the same way. You can also have virtual Bible studies with friends on the app.

Technically, the internet existed before I was born, but it didn't really become popular and public until I was a teenager in the early '90s. Until high school, research was done entirely by physical means. The closest I got to online research was using microfiche in the library to look up old news reports. They had the glossy black microfiche scans that we fed into the machine and read on the screen. (The print on the cards was tiny and too small to read without the help of the machine.) We had computer classes, but we saved our work on the individual computers and on floppy disks. If we wanted to work on it using a different computer, we had to insert the floppy and pull it up that way.



When we had to look up a word, we pulled out our dictionary. There were also special dictionaries for translating in other languages. If we needed synonyms, we would pull out the trusty thesaurus (which was a little more complicated to navigate than your average dictionary). Researching more complicated things, such as history, other cultures, and many other things, involved pulling out the encyclopedia (notably World Book and Encyclopedia Britannica). When we were younger, we also looked things up in the Childcraft encyclopedias for children. We could also look things up in newspapers and magazines, as well as autobiographies and other physical books. In school, I did many book reports, as well as reports on cultures such as Bolivia, Chad and Newfoundland. (I know there were others, but those are the ones that come to mind.)

When I was younger, some people generously gave me subscriptions to magazines like Ranger Rick and Clubhouse. I loved reading the Highlights magazine. When we got our Stars and Stripes newspaper in the Philippines, I would go straight to the comics section. I loved reading the comics, particularly Peanuts, Garfield, The Phantom, Prince Valiant, Cathy, BC, Family Circus, For Better or for Worse, Blondie, Dick Tracy, Calvin and Hobbes, multiple superhero comics, and others. Though I didn't see it in the newspaper when it was syndicated, I'm also a big fan of the Kim & Jason comic strip (though I might be a bit biased because the author is a dear friend...I've mentioned Jason on my blog before). I borrowed the Asterix and Tintin comic books from friends and read them voraciously. The Adventures of Tintin is still one of my favorite comic strips, and I now have the full collection.

When Amazon introduced the Kindle, I downloaded it on my cell phone and read books that way. The Kindle format all but eclipsed the physical books for me. It's much easier to carry a phone in my pocket with an entire library in it, than sometimes big and heavy books.

In more recent years, as I've gotten more busy with work and other things, I've done a lot of my reading with audiobooks. I find it helps to listen to them while I'm working (depending on what I'm doing), as it helps to focus my mind to keep it from wandering thanks to ADHD (which I wish I had known as a child that I had). On the other hand, some tasks require listening to music instead, as it can be distracting at times. I know, I'm sure everyone is shocked that yet another "Days of Yore" post ends with me pointing out that I do most of this on my cell phone now (although some of my audiobook listening is done on a computer).

Monday, May 5, 2014

The Empire Striketh Back

In celebration of Star Wars Day and Revenge of the Fifth, methinks I shalt perchance blog about, yea, e'en review, William Shakespeare's The Empire Striketh Back. As may be known, said masterwork was penned by the bard himself, Ian Doescher.

It was last year when I didst learn about the first play in the classic trilogy, William Shakespeare's Star Wars, and I didst hasten unto yon Amazon.com to download the Kindle version of the newly discoverèd work of Shakespeare, which George Lucas didst rudely pilfer to make his 1977 movie. I read the first tome with great mirth. Behold, I was e'en delighted to discover that such characters as R2-D2, thus set free by the iambic pentameter and the frequent use of asides, was able to communicate his thoughts unto the kind audience, while portraying to his fellow players a façade of beeps and bleeps. The play didst delve deeper into the characters, while making frequent use of the Chorus to explain the action unfolding before our play didst begin, as well as the continuing action as the play continuèd. Shakespeare's language didst delight me, and I have thus endeavour'd to replicate it here. But a lowly blogger am I, so it is my lot to forego the iambic pentameter and instead bring unto my kind readers a review in prose.

So delighted was I with the first tome that I did eagerly await its sequel, e'en The Empire Striketh Back. Hark, disappointed was I not. The second was improvèd o'er the first. In his afterword did the bard explain how the feedback from his first master work didst inspire the ongoing work of penning the saga. Less was the Chorus used, in favour of the characters revealing that which could not be shown onstage due to the limitations of the medium.

In this new play, the gentle audience doth learn more than in the movie how the character of Lando of Calrissian conflicted feels to thus betray his sworn ally Han Solo. With further use of asides does Lando tell how he repulsèd is to deal with the likes of Darth Vader while betraying Han to the carbonite freezer.

While R2-D2 continues his sarcastic yet informative asides, he does not do so as much as he did in the first play.

With great joy did I learn that the character of Yoda, in an effort to speak differently than the rest of the ensemble, speaketh backwards, yet also in haiku. Thus do we get classic lines such as:

LUKE
In troth, I understand, and I shall try.
YODA
Nay, nay! Try thou not.
But do thou or do thou not,
For there is no "try."

When introducing the character of Boba Fett, the bard didst express that he employed a technique yet unexplorèd in the Star Wars universe, e'en to speak in prose. This was a technique employed by Shakespeare to indicate the lowest of the low, and this bounty hunter, though determined, is yet low.

In the first volume didst the audience's hearts break when Princess Leia sang a lament for her belovèd planet Alderaan. In this second play, she and Chewbacca similarly sing a lament for Han, thus alive yet frozen in carbonite. Though Wookiee I speak not, I would that I could hear a Wookiee sing. Though I know not what it means, yet these lines do bring a lump e'en to my throat:

CHEWBAC.
[sings:] Egh, auugh, auugh, auugh, egh, egh, muh, muh,
Auugh, egh, egh, auugh, auugh, mu, muh.
Egh, auugh, auugh, grrm, auugh, egh, muh, muh,
Muh, wroshyr, wroshyr, wroshyr.
LEIA
[sings:] Now he is gone, and so's my life,
All frozen in a moment.
He my seiz'd lov'd one, I his strife,
Sing wroshyr, wroshyr, wroshyr.

From the last line of each stanza do I gather that "Muh," when used in a certain way, meanest "Sing." However, it is possible that in other lines, it may mean otherwise. A tribute it is to their friendship that e'en Leia employeth the Wookiee language into her song.

More jovial is the singing of the "merry band of UGNAUGHTS", who deliver all their lines in joyful song "as they pass around parts of C-3PO's body." While like them we do not, they either enjoy their work or choose to sing to pass the time in a more jovial manner, thus to lighten the load of their slavery. I know not their motivation, as they use not the asides that other characters employ.

Further twists does our plot take, as a character that I shall not name (thus shalt I avoid overmuch spoilers) telleth Luke, "--No. I am thy father." Unto this unexpected turn doth Luke reply, "Nay, 'tis not true! It is impossible!" But aforementioned character rejoins, "Pray, search thy feelings, Luke. Thou knowest it/Is true." Luke can only reply, "--Nay!"

As with the movie, with a cliffhanger doth our play end, and as the Chorus instructs,

Ye must leave empty, sighing lack-a-day,
Till we, by George, a brighter play compose.
Our story endeth, though your hearts do burn,
And shall until the Jedi doth return.
                                                                             [Exeunt omnes.

So endeth this blog post, with a hearty recommendation that ye read the play, yea, e'en perform it. Worth your time it is, and greater do I feel for the reading. May the Fourth be with thee, and eagerly shall we wait until our trilogy's conclusion in The Jedi Doth Return.

Thursday, May 26, 2011

Ranger's Apprentice: The Ruins of Gorlan


A couple weeks ago, I was on Facebook and saw an ad that said that if I "Liked" the page for the Ranger's Apprentice series, I could download the first ten chapters of book one, The Ruins of Gorlan. Since I enjoy books of that sort, I decided to go for it. The free download, as was their intention, hooked me, and over $40 later, I am now a proud owner of the first six books. :-)

Book one begins with the preparations of Morgarath, the evil Lord of the Mountains of Rain and Night and former baron of the fief of Gorlan in the kingdom of Araluen. Fifteen years earlier, he was driven out of his fief in a sound defeat, and he has been lying in wait, preparing his army of Wargals, a sort of humanoid creature with features of dogs and bears, to attack and make another attempt at conquering the Kingdom. Also on his side are the Kalkara, huge hulking animals like bears with ape-like features.

Meanwhile, in the fief of Redmont, a group of orphans lives in the ward of the castle of Baron Arald. When they turn 15, they are eligible to apply for apprenticeship to varying Crafts, or occupations, that are each very important in their own way to the running of the fief and the kingdom. Young Will, the smallest of the eligible orphans for this year, has always dreamed of joining battleschool and becoming a brave Knight like his father, whom he never knew but pictures as a valiant knight who died gloriously in battle shortly before Will was born, and was instrumental in Morgarath's defeat. Unfortunately for Will, his small size is against him, and Battlemaster Sir Rodney turns him down. However, his agility and ability to hide, sneak and climb catch the attention of the mysterious Ranger Halt. The Rangers of Araluen play a vital role in the running of the kingdom. Each Ranger is assigned to a fief, and he must protect the fief, scout out threats, and remain unseen. The previous defeat of Morgarath was due in large part to a critical tip from a Ranger who went ahead of the army and alerted them to the location of the enemies. Due to the secretive nature of the job, the Rangers are a mysterious bunch.

Over the next few months, Halt begins to teach Will the skills he will need as a Ranger in the coming war with Morgarath, especially developing a keen sense of observation, as well as knife throwing and archery. Will Will be up to the task before him, which is more daunting than he realizes?

***

This book is masterfully written. Author John Flanagan does an amazing job of keeping the reader anxious for more, while crafting a true work of art. He brilliantly weaves danger, intrigue and humor. Will and his fellow wardmates each encounter unexpected challenges, and they learn the power of teamwork as well as developing their talents. Horace, another orphan of Will's age, encounters a trio of ruthless bullies in battleschool, and must deal with the constant torment that they cause him. Will shows great promise in his skill as a Ranger. Horace discovers his natural talent for swordplay. Both boys find they must work together at times to overcome incredible odds. As for humor, I love how Baron Arald loves to crack jokes that only he fully appreciates. The Ranger Gilan, who we meet later in the book, has a clearly mischievous side, though he is a masterful Ranger. Even Halt, who hardly ever smiles, proves to be hilarious at times, although his humor is often more subtle. Another thing I appreciate about this book is Will's honesty. When confronted with a past misdeed, he owns up to it and agrees that it was wrong. At another time, he is involved in a victory, and the stories of his part in the battle are blown way out of proportion among the villagers. This bothers him because he wasn't nearly as heroic as they make him out to be (although he did do a very courageous thing), and he is very concerned that the other people involved don't get much credit. Oh, and did I mention that Halt, Will and Gilan enjoy coffee? :-)

The only negative bit I saw was that some of the names seemed a bit cliché. With a name like Morgarath, how can he help but be the villain? His name reminded me of the land of Mordor in Lord of the Rings (not to mention that in those books, Frodo was stabbed with a morgul blade). It also very closely resembles Mulgarath, the archvillain in The Spiderwick Chronicles (which I haven't read, but I enjoyed the movie). The Wargals, which even have dog-like features, reminded me of the Wargs in Lord of the Rings. Come to think of it, their name is also similar to the Urgals of The Inheritance Cycle, who play a similar role. Also, the Rangers are similar to what Aragorn and his kinfolk do in Lord of the Rings, although Flanagan says that he based that element more on the Texas Rangers (not the baseball team). Interestingly, his publisher made him change the name of the Kingdom of Arathon because it sounded too much like Aragorn. (The series was originally called The Arathon Rangers.) So it became Araluen instead.

Oh, and there is a little bit of mild language.

Overall, The Ruins of Gorlan is an amazing book, and I can't wait to read book 2. I can tell I'm going to enjoy this series.

(I got the picture from the downloads page on the series' website.)

Update: I just watched some videos from the author, and realized that he puts the stress of Morgarath's name on the second syllable, rather than the first. That makes it sound much less cliché.