Days of Yore: Navigation

For millennia, humans have suffered from, or reveled in, wanderlust, that tantalizing pull from the cosmos to travel and see the world. Back in the day (long before my time), it was mainly on foot, sometimes riding horses, camels, chariots, boats and other animals and vehicles. Over the years, people have used a variety of ways to keep track of where they were and how they planned to get where they were going.

Image by Pavel Timofeev on Adobe Stock

The Bible tells of wise men who came from the east to visit the infant Jesus following a star. For centuries before that (and since), people studied the stars, and they used stars and constellations to keep track of where they were. The star the wise men followed led them to Bethlehem. I don't know how they found it with such precision based on the star, but they were the experts. I do know they studied prior to leaving, and asked around during the journey, as the experts on prophecies advised them on the general vicinity, and King Herod tried to get them to rat on Jesus.

As the years went on, explorers set out on ships, camels, horses, wagons and other means to learn more about the planet and find what was out there beyond the horizon. As they learned more, they made maps. Astronomers mapped out the stars as well. Leif Ericson and other Vikings landed in present-day Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland. Columbus tried to find the Indies and landed in the Caribbean (and did some horrible things in the process). Magellan set out from Spain and made it to the what is now the Philippines, where he was killed. His crew was among the first to make it all the way around the globe. Cortez and Pizarro landed in the Americas and caused mayhem and destruction among some of the great peoples there, who themselves had made great strides in astronomy, timekeeping, and other fields. Lewis and Clark made it across the North American continent with the help of Sacajawea and others. Explorers drew up maps and kept journals, and even though those journals often reveal unspeakable things that they did to the people who already lived there, they also included observations on the landscape, the vegetation, the animals, and a lot more. They also often followed the stars. Eventually, the Wright Brothers would invent a plane, and later others got rockets into space, bringing a whole new view of the earth we live on, from above. Neil Armstrong and his crew would land on the moon. More recently, unmanned rovers have landed on Mars and shown us some of the sights there.

In their explorations and travels, people used a variety of kinds of equipment:

• Compass. This was generally based on the magnetic pull of the earth's poles, and the needle pointed toward the north. It helped people to keep track of which direction they were going, or needed to go. The down side was if there was a strong magnet nearby, it could throw the compass off.
• Sextant. This was a device that was used on ships to determine the angle between the earth and the stars or other celestial bodies, which helped to determine latitude and longitude. That's a sextant on the right side of the picture at the top of this post.
• Telescope. This was a long tube with a magnification lens that allowed people to see things at a distance. They were sometimes on stands, but could also be held in the hand (depending on the size...some of the more powerful ones were too massive to hold). They were used both to examine stars, planets and other things in the sky, and to see things that were more earthbound, such as a ship looking for land. Some modern telescopes also include cameras.
• Map. Over the years, these were on papyrus, parchment, stone, paper, and other materials, most recently electronically. They have been used for millennia in various ways.
• Globe. This is a spherical model of the earth, generally with countries, oceans, landmarks and other things marked, sometimes with mountains and such in relief. Though they vary in size, they are often around the size of a basketball. I have a smaller one.
• Atlas. This is a book full of maps. Our atlas when I was little was huge, and sometimes heavy. Named for the Greek titan doomed to hold up the sky and think about what he had done, atlases were a place we could look when researching a place, often arranged by country, state, or whatever the specific focus of that atlas was. [Side note: It seems the Greek gods were big on giving the epically torturous eternal time-outs...Prometheus very uncomfortably tied to a rock (understatement), Atlas with the world literally on his shoulders, Sisyphus pushing the rock up the hill only to have it roll back down and have to push it back up, Tantalus being tantalized by the fruit in the tree that he could never quite reach...I mean, they often deserved their punishments, but still...]

Image by Freepik

Growing up, especially when we were in unfamiliar areas, we had to carry a map. They folded up, but once you opened them, they were much larger. Sometimes folding them back up was a challenge! A car trip sometimes looked like the above picture. Best to pull off the road if you needed to consult the map. Of course, the person in the passenger seat could look at the map (partially folded so as not to take up the whole cabin of the car) and tell the driver where to turn next. Sometimes it helped to draw the route in pencil. When asking for directions, people sometimes drew more crude maps on a piece of paper. Alternatively, some people just described how to get there, and hopefully you remember what they told you!

Eventually, GPS came along and (on the whole) simplified things, eliminating the need to pull out a massive map and then struggle to refold it. Of course, GPS (Global Positioning System) can be temperamental at times, and has been known to tell me to turn right onto a stairway (and then not be happy when I opted not to follow its advice that it thought was so sage). It has improved over the years, though. For a while we used GPS units, which were a bit larger than your average cell phone and were relatively expensive. Now I have apps on my phone, and I also have GPS in my car.

Many planes have maps either in their app or on any screens available in the seat backs or ceilings (which are becoming less common). That way you can tell where you are as you fly over. Of course, if it's on the app or website, that generally only works when you aren't ascending or descending and have to have your phone in airplane mode. Friends and family can also sometimes follow your progress on a map on the airline's website if they know the flight number and airline. Air traffic controllers help pilots take off and land safely, and pilots can communicate with each other.

Navigation has changed a lot over the years, and advances in modes of transportation have sped up the process considerably. A journey that once took months or years by boat now takes a few hours by plane. Shorter trips that took hours or days on foot or horseback can take minutes or hours by car. As with so much else, a lot of the navigation part of the journey can now be done on a phone or as an electronic feature in vehicles.

Seven Astronauts

Tomorrow marks the 20th anniversary of the horrible disaster in the skies over Texas, when seven lives were lost in the Space Shuttle Columbia while re-entering our atmosphere.

I wrote this poem February 2, 2003, the day after it exploded almost exactly 17 years after the tragedy with the Space Shuttle Challenger. I still remember where I was when I watched the Challenger explode on January 28, 1986. Both explosions were deeply traumatic, and both included members who made history, not just in the explosions, but in breaking glass ceilings and paving the way for astronauts, explorers and scientists in the future.

Space Shuttle Columbia tribute poster
Graphic design credit: NASA/Amy Lombardo.
NASA publication number: SP-2010-08-163-KSC

Seven children once gazed up at the stars
And wondered what it was like up there.
Over Israel, India and the United States,
The skies looked down on them
Seeming to call to them

Seven children grew up
Dreaming of what they would do
They became pilots, doctors, scientists, colonels

They watched in horror
As the Challenger blew up
Shortly after takeoff
Not knowing that they would one day
Suffer a similar fate

Seven men and women were accepted by NASA
To explore the heavens
To conduct scientific experiments

Seven families and three nations
Watched in awe as the spaceship lifted off
They dreamed of their fathers, mothers, sons, daughters, brothers, sisters
Up there in the skies
Houston got reports of their findings
Scientific knowledge advanced
Until the communication stopped

Seven families waited at Cape Canaveral’s landing strip
Eagerly awaiting their loved ones’ return
They did not expect their joy to turn to tears
They did not expect to hear news of the Columbia
Exploding over Texas
Scattering all over the largest continental state in the US

Seven men and women were lost that day
Seven families learned that their loved ones
Would not be returning
Seven families suffered the same pain
As seven other families
Seventeen years earlier
Three nations lost their sons and daughters
The first Israeli and the first Indian in space

Lost.

Why did this happen?
How?
Praise the Lord
He can do wondrous things
He can work through tragedies
Who knows?
Perhaps this was the tragedy
That will cause many lost souls
To consider where they will go
Maybe people will be saved for eternity
Because God used an exploded space shuttle
And seven lost lives
To bring them to Him

May God have all the glory!

The crew of the Columbia
David Brown, Rick Husband, Laurel Clark,
Kalpana Chawla, Michael Anderson,
William McCool, Ilan Ramon
Photo by NASA

Disaster in the Skies

January 29, 1986 in the Philippines, January 28 in Florida. I was in second grade at the time, and my mom taught kindergarten at our school in the Philippines. I usually hung out in her classroom before and after school. The launch of the Challenger on its tenth mission had been at 12:38 AM Philippine time (11:38 AM the the day before, EST). I believe it was before school that we were to watch the historic launch. My mom said, "Let's go see the spaceship!" I was excited because spaceships and astronomy have always fascinated me. At the time, the entire elementary shared an Audiovisual (A/V) Room, where classes went when lessons involved movies. (I remember watching Back to the Future at a sleepover in that room in 4th grade, two years later.) We ran from her classroom to the A/V Room, where teachers were gathered to watch the launch at Cape Canaveral. Excitement turned to horror as we watched this projected on the big screen:

Photo by NASA, Kennedy Space Center

Christa McAuliffe was the first teacher and the first private citizen to join a space mission, as part of the first Teacher in Space Project, and it was a huge deal. As I was in second grade, I don't remember a lot about the aftermath, but I do remember running to the Audiovisual Room, and standing in horror as we watched the unthinkable disaster unfold. It is a moment I will never forget.

It's hard to believe this year marks the 37th anniversary of that awful disaster.

The final crew of the Challenger
Ellison Onizuka, Christa McAuliffe, Greg Jarvis, Judy Resnik
Michael Smith, Dick Scobee, Ron McNair
Photo by NASA

NASA Orbiter tribute poster for the Challenger
Graphic design credit: NASA/Lynda Brammer.
NASA publication number: SP-2010-08-162-KSC

Stars and Electrons

I wrote this poem March 15, 2003. I have always been fascinated and amazed by the sheer massiveness of the stars and galaxies. I was even more amazed in the introduction to chemistry in college when we learned about atoms. I had learned about them in science class previously, and I remember learning in elementary that the atoms in one grain of sand were more numerous than all the leaves on all the trees in the world. In college, our textbook said that if you were to expand an atom to the size of a football stadium, the nucleus would be the size of the period at the end of this sentence. I forget how many tons the nucleus would weigh. The electrons that orbit the nucleus are even smaller! Stars and electrons, despite their massive distance in size, both mindbogglingly gigantic and mindbogglingly microscopic, have a lot in common.

NGC 4414, a galaxy in the constellation
Coma Berenices
Image by NASA

Titanic balls of fire
Placed by God in the heavens
Mere specks in His eyes
They glow in the sky
Far larger than I can imagine

How is it that the God who is so much larger than the stars
Can care for me -
One who is a mere speck
Compared to the stars?

The stars orbit in an endless round
In their clusters and galaxies they orbit
And the God who made these galaxies
Huge beyond my imagination
Cared enough to send His only Son
To die for me!

Tiny balls of matter
Placed by God in the atoms
So much smaller than specks in our eyes
So much tinier than we could begin to imagine

Electrons orbit in an endless round
In large numbers they orbit
Around the nucleus of the atom
The atom - like a galaxy to the electron
And how many atoms are in a single cell?
Countless millions of atoms in a single grain of sand!

How is it that the God who created the unimaginably humongous galaxies
Also created the unimaginably tiny electrons?

What a wonder
That such an amazing Creator God
Could care enough
To send His only Son
To die on a cross for me!

Blood Moon

I wrote this last night to commemorate the "Blood Moon" being completely blocked by the clouds. I realize that in the grand scheme of things, there are much more serious things to be worried about (such as the sinking of the Titanic exactly 102 years before I wrote this), but sometimes I like to get melodramatic and exhibit my parody skills.

This is how the Blood Moon would have looked, 

had I been able to see it. Maybe next time!

Picture from http://www.cliplip.com/cool-blood-moon/

To be sung to the tune of Rodgers and Hart's 1934 song "Blue Moon"...


Blood Moon
© Steven Sauke, April 15, 2014

Blood moon

I tried to see you tonight

I had a dream in my heart

To see th'eclipse on my own

Blood moon

You knew what I went outside for

Excitement can’t be denied, for

You’re what I looked in the sky for

And then there suddenly appeared before me

A sky full of clouds! That’s all I see.

I’d heard somebody whisper, “The moon’ll be red”

And when I looked, it was nowhere to be seen

Blood moon

Now I’m right here, all alone

Without your face smiling down

Without a moon, red or white.

Blood moon

Oh, why must you hide away?

You’re red up there, so they say

But I can’t tell! Stupid clouds!